JEL Classification Codes
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JEL Classification Codes ome aGeneral Categories
A1 | General Economics | |
A10 | General | |
A11 | Role of Economics • Role of Economists • Market for Economists | |
A12 | Relation of Economics to Other Disciplines | |
A13 | Relation of Economics to Social Values | |
A14 | Sociology of Economics | |
A19 | Other | |
A2 | Economic Education and Teaching of Economics | |
A20 | General | |
A21 | Pre-college | |
A22 | Undergraduate | |
A23 | Graduate | |
A29 | Other | |
A3 | Collective Works | |
A30 | General | |
A31 | Collected Writings of Individuals | |
A32 | Collective Volumes | |
A33 | Handbooks | |
A39 | Other |
B00 | General | |
B1 | History of Economic Thought through 1925 | |
B10 | General | |
B11 | Preclassical (Ancient, Medieval, Mercantilist, Physiocratic) | |
B12 | Classical (includes Adam Smith) | |
B13 | Neoclassical through 1925 (Austrian, Marshallian, Walrasian, Wicksellian) | |
B14 | Socialist • Marxist | |
B15 | Historical • Institutional • Evolutionary | |
B16 | Quantitative and Mathematical | |
B17 | International Trade and Finance | |
B19 | Other | |
B2 | History of Economic Thought since 1925 | |
B20 | General | |
B21 | Microeconomics | |
B22 | Macroeconomics | |
B23 | Econometrics • Quantitative and Mathematical Studies | |
B24 | Socialist • Marxist • Sraffian | |
B25 | Historical • Institutional • Evolutionary • Austrian • Stockholm School | |
B26 | Financial Economics | |
B27 | International Trade and Finance | |
B29 | Other | |
B3 | History of Economic Thought: Individuals | |
B30 | General | |
B31 | Individuals | |
B32 | Obituaries | |
B4 | Economic Methodology | |
B40 | General | |
B41 | Economic Methodology | |
B49 | Other | |
B5 | Current Heterodox Approaches | |
B50 | General | |
B51 | Socialist • Marxian • Sraffian | |
B52 | Historical • Institutional • Evolutionary • Modern Monetary Theory | |
B53 | Austrian | |
B54 | Feminist Economics | |
B55 | Social Economics | |
B59 | Other |
C00 | General | |
C01 | Econometrics | |
C02 | Mathematical Methods | |
C1 | Econometric and Statistical Methods and Methodology: General | |
C10 | General | |
C11 | Bayesian Analysis: General | |
C12 | Hypothesis Testing: General | |
C13 | Estimation: General | |
C14 | Semiparametric and Nonparametric Methods: General | |
C15 | Statistical Simulation Methods: General | |
C18 | Methodological Issues: General | |
C19 | Other | |
C2 | Single Equation Models • Single Variables | |
C20 | General | |
C21 | Cross-Sectional Models • Spatial Models • Treatment Effect Models • Quantile Regressions | |
C22 | Time-Series Models • Dynamic Quantile Regressions • Dynamic Treatment Effect Models • Diffusion Processes | |
C23 | Panel Data Models • Spatio-temporal Models | |
C24 | Truncated and Censored Models • Switching Regression Models • Threshold Regression Models | |
C25 | Discrete Regression and Qualitative Choice Models • Discrete Regressors • Proportions • Probabilities | |
C26 | Instrumental Variables (IV) Estimation | |
C29 | Other | |
C3 | Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models • Multiple Variables | |
C30 | General | |
C31 | Cross-Sectional Models • Spatial Models • Treatment Effect Models • Quantile Regressions • Social Interaction Models | |
C32 | Time-Series Models • Dynamic Quantile Regressions • Dynamic Treatment Effect Models • Diffusion Processes • State Space Models | |
C33 | Panel Data Models • Spatio-temporal Models | |
C34 | Truncated and Censored Models • Switching Regression Models | |
C35 | Discrete Regression and Qualitative Choice Models • Discrete Regressors • Proportions | |
C36 | Instrumental Variables (IV) Estimation | |
C38 | Classification Methods • Cluster Analysis • Principal Components • Factor Models | |
C39 | Other | |
C4 | Econometric and Statistical Methods: Special Topics | |
C40 | General | |
C41 | Duration Analysis • Optimal Timing Strategies | |
C43 | Index Numbers and Aggregation | |
C44 | Operations Research • Statistical Decision Theory | |
C45 | Neural Networks and Related Topics | |
C46 | Specific Distributions • Specific Statistics | |
C49 | Other | |
C5 | Econometric Modeling | |
C50 | General | |
C51 | Model Construction and Estimation | |
C52 | Model Evaluation, Validation, and Selection | |
C53 | Forecasting and Prediction Methods • Simulation Methods | |
C54 | Quantitative Policy Modeling | |
C55 | Large Data Sets: Modeling and Analysis | |
C57 | Econometrics of Games and Auctions | |
C58 | Financial Econometrics | |
C59 | Other | |
C6 | Mathematical Methods • Programming Models • Mathematical and Simulation Modeling | |
C60 | General | |
C61 | Optimization Techniques • Programming Models • Dynamic Analysis | |
C62 | Existence and Stability Conditions of Equilibrium | |
C63 | Computational Techniques • Simulation Modeling | |
C65 | Miscellaneous Mathematical Tools | |
C67 | Input–Output Models | |
C68 | Computable General Equilibrium Models | |
C69 | Other | |
C7 | Game Theory and Bargaining Theory | |
C70 | General | |
C71 | Cooperative Games | |
C72 | Noncooperative Games | |
C73 | Stochastic and Dynamic Games • Evolutionary Games • Repeated Games | |
C78 | Bargaining Theory • Matching Theory | |
C79 | Other | |
C8 | Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology • Computer Programs | |
C80 | General | |
C81 | Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Microeconomic Data • Data Access | |
C82 | Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Macroeconomic Data • Data Access | |
C83 | Survey Methods • Sampling Methods | |
C87 | Econometric Software | |
C88 | Other Computer Software | |
C89 | Other | |
C9 | Design of Experiments | |
C90 | General | |
C91 | Laboratory, Individual Behavior | |
C92 | Laboratory, Group Behavior | |
C93 | Field Experiments | |
C99 | Other |
D00 | General | |
D01 | Microeconomic Behavior: Underlying Principles | |
D02 | Institutions: Design, Formation, Operations, and Impact | |
D04 | Microeconomic Policy: Formulation, Implementation, and Evaluation | |
D1 | Household Behavior and Family Economics | |
D10 | General | |
D11 | Consumer Economics: Theory | |
D12 | Consumer Economics: Empirical Analysis | |
D13 | Household Production and Intrahousehold Allocation | |
D14 | Household Saving • Personal Finance | |
D15 | Intertemporal Household Choice • Life Cycle Models and Saving | |
D16 | Collaborative Consumption | |
D18 | Consumer Protection | |
D19 | Other | |
D2 | Production and Organizations | |
D20 | General | |
D21 | Firm Behavior: Theory | |
D22 | Firm Behavior: Empirical Analysis | |
D23 | Organizational Behavior • Transaction Costs • Property Rights | |
D24 | Production • Cost • Capital • Capital, Total Factor, and Multifactor Productivity • Capacity | |
D25 | Intertemporal Firm Choice: Investment, Capacity, and Financing | |
D26 | Crowd-Based Firms | |
D29 | Other | |
D3 | Distribution | |
D30 | General | |
D31 | Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions | |
D33 | Factor Income Distribution | |
D39 | Other | |
D4 | Market Structure, Pricing, and Design | |
D40 | General | |
D41 | Perfect Competition | |
D42 | Monopoly | |
D43 | Oligopoly and Other Forms of Market Imperfection | |
D44 | Auctions | |
D45 | Rationing • Licensing | |
D46 | Value Theory | |
D47 | Market Design | |
D49 | Other | |
D5 | General Equilibrium and Disequilibrium | |
D50 | General | |
D51 | Exchange and Production Economies | |
D52 | Incomplete Markets | |
D53 | Financial Markets | |
D57 | Input–Output Tables and Analysis | |
D58 | Computable and Other Applied General Equilibrium Models | |
D59 | Other | |
D6 | Welfare Economics | |
D60 | General | |
D61 | Allocative Efficiency • Cost–Benefit Analysis | |
D62 | Externalities | |
D63 | Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement | |
D64 | Altruism • Philanthropy • Intergenerational Transfers | |
D69 | Other | |
D7 | Analysis of Collective Decision-Making | |
D70 | General | |
D71 | Social Choice • Clubs • Committees • Associations | |
D72 | Political Processes: Rent-Seeking, Lobbying, Elections, Legislatures, and Voting Behavior | |
D73 | Bureaucracy • Administrative Processes in Public Organizations • Corruption | |
D74 | Conflict • Conflict Resolution • Alliances • Revolutions | |
D78 | Positive Analysis of Policy Formulation and Implementation | |
D79 | Other | |
D8 | Information, Knowledge, and Uncertainty | |
D80 | General | |
D81 | Criteria for Decision-Making under Risk and Uncertainty | |
D82 | Asymmetric and Private Information • Mechanism Design | |
D83 | Search • Learning • Information and Knowledge • Communication • Belief • Unawareness | |
D84 | Expectations • Speculations | |
D85 | Network Formation and Analysis: Theory | |
D86 | Economics of Contract: Theory | |
D87 | Neuroeconomics | |
D89 | Other | |
D9 | Micro-Based Behavioral Economics | |
D90 | General | |
D91 | Role and Effects of Psychological, Emotional, Social, and Cognitive Factors on Decision Making |
E00 | General | |
E01 | Measurement and Data on National Income and Product Accounts and Wealth • Environmental Accounts | |
E02 | Institutions and the Macroeconomy | |
E1 | General Aggregative Models | |
E10 | General | |
E11 | Marxian • Sraffian • Kaleckian | |
E12 | Keynes • Keynesian • Post-Keynesian • Modern Monetary Theory | |
E13 | Neoclassical | |
E14 | Austrian • Evolutionary • Institutional | |
E16 | Social Accounting Matrix | |
E17 | Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications | |
E19 | Other | |
E2 | Consumption, Saving, Production, Investment, Labor Markets, and Informal Economy | |
E20 | General | |
E21 | Consumption • Saving • Wealth | |
E22 | Investment • Capital • Intangible Capital • Capacity | |
E23 | Production | |
E24 | Employment • Unemployment • Wages • Intergenerational Income Distribution • Aggregate Human Capital • Aggregate Labor Productivity | |
E25 | Aggregate Factor Income Distribution | |
E26 | Informal Economy • Underground Economy | |
E27 | Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications | |
E29 | Other | |
E3 | Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles | |
E30 | General | |
E31 | Price Level • Inflation • Deflation | |
E32 | Business Fluctuations • Cycles | |
E37 | Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications | |
E39 | Other | |
E4 | Money and Interest Rates | |
E40 | General | |
E41 | Demand for Money | |
E42 | Monetary Systems • Standards • Regimes • Government and the Monetary System • Payment Systems | |
E43 | Interest Rates: Determination, Term Structure, and Effects | |
E44 | Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy | |
E47 | Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications | |
E49 | Other | |
E5 | Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit | |
E50 | General | |
E51 | Money Supply • Credit • Money Multipliers | |
E52 | Monetary Policy | |
E58 | Central Banks and Their Policies | |
E59 | Other | |
E6 | Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, and General Outlook | |
E60 | General | |
E61 | Policy Objectives • Policy Designs and Consistency • Policy Coordination | |
E62 | Fiscal Policy | |
E63 | Comparative or Joint Analysis of Fiscal and Monetary Policy • Stabilization • Treasury Policy | |
E64 | Incomes Policy • Price Policy | |
E65 | Studies of Particular Policy Episodes | |
E66 | General Outlook and Conditions | |
E69 | Other | |
E7 | Macro-Based Behavioral Economics | |
E70 | General | |
E71 | Role and Effects of Psychological, Emotional, Social, and Cognitive Factors on the Macro Economy |
F00 | General | |
F01 | Global Outlook | |
F02 | International Economic Order and Integration | |
F1 | Trade | |
F10 | General | |
F11 | Neoclassical Models of Trade | |
F12 | Models of Trade with Imperfect Competition and Scale Economies • Fragmentation | |
F13 | Trade Policy • International Trade Organizations | |
F14 | Empirical Studies of Trade | |
F15 | Economic Integration | |
F16 | Trade and Labor Market Interactions | |
F17 | Trade Forecasting and Simulation | |
F18 | Trade and Environment | |
F19 | Other | |
F2 | International Factor Movements and International Business | |
F20 | General | |
F21 | International Investment • Long-Term Capital Movements | |
F22 | International Migration | |
F23 | Multinational Firms • International Business | |
F24 | Remittances | |
F29 | Other | |
F3 | International Finance | |
F30 | General | |
F31 | Foreign Exchange | |
F32 | Current Account Adjustment • Short-Term Capital Movements | |
F33 | International Monetary Arrangements and Institutions | |
F34 | International Lending and Debt Problems | |
F35 | Foreign Aid | |
F36 | Financial Aspects of Economic Integration | |
F37 | International Finance Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications | |
F38 | International Financial Policy: Financial Transactions Tax; Capital Controls | |
F39 | Other | |
F4 | Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance | |
F40 | General | |
F41 | Open Economy Macroeconomics | |
F42 | International Policy Coordination and Transmission | |
F43 | Economic Growth of Open Economies | |
F44 | International Business Cycles | |
F45 | Macroeconomic Issues of Monetary Unions | |
F47 | Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications | |
F49 | Other | |
F5 | International Relations, National Security, and International Political Economy | |
F50 | General | |
F51 | International Conflicts • Negotiations • Sanctions | |
F52 | National Security • Economic Nationalism | |
F53 | International Agreements and Observance • International Organizations | |
F54 | Colonialism • Imperialism • Postcolonialism | |
F55 | International Institutional Arrangements | |
F59 | Other | |
F6 | Economic Impacts of Globalization | |
F60 | General | |
F61 | Microeconomic Impacts | |
F62 | Macroeconomic Impacts | |
F63 | Economic Development | |
F64 | Environment | |
F65 | Finance | |
F66 | Labor | |
F68 | Policy | |
F69 | Other |
G00 | General | |
G01 | Financial Crises | |
G1 | General Financial Markets | |
G10 | General | |
G11 | Portfolio Choice • Investment Decisions | |
G12 | Asset Pricing • Trading Volume • Bond Interest Rates | |
G13 | Contingent Pricing • Futures Pricing | |
G14 | Information and Market Efficiency • Event Studies • Insider Trading | |
G15 | International Financial Markets | |
G17 | Financial Forecasting and Simulation | |
G18 | Government Policy and Regulation | |
G19 | Other | |
G2 | Financial Institutions and Services | |
G20 | General | |
G21 | Banks • Depository Institutions • Micro Finance Institutions • Mortgages | |
G22 | Insurance • Insurance Companies • Actuarial Studies | |
G23 | Non-bank Financial Institutions • Financial Instruments • Institutional Investors | |
G24 | Investment Banking • Venture Capital • Brokerage • Ratings and Ratings Agencies | |
G28 | Government Policy and Regulation | |
G29 | Other | |
G3 | Corporate Finance and Governance | |
G30 | General | |
G31 | Capital Budgeting • Fixed Investment and Inventory Studies • Capacity | |
G32 | Financing Policy • Financial Risk and Risk Management • Capital and Ownership Structure • Value of Firms • Goodwill | |
G33 | Bankruptcy • Liquidation | |
G34 | Mergers • Acquisitions • Restructuring • Corporate Governance | |
G35 | Payout Policy | |
G38 | Government Policy and Regulation | |
G39 | Other | |
G4 | Behavioral Finance | |
G40 | General | |
G41 | Role and Effects of Psychological, Emotional, Social, and Cognitive Factors on Decision Making in Financial Markets | |
G5 | Household Finance | |
G50 | General | |
G51 | Household Saving, Borrowing, Debt, and Wealth | |
G52 | Insurance | |
G53 | Financial Literacy | |
G59 | Other |
H00 | General | |
H1 | Structure and Scope of Government | |
H10 | General | |
H11 | Structure, Scope, and Performance of Government | |
H12 | Crisis Management | |
H13 | Economics of Eminent Domain • Expropriation • Nationalization | |
H19 | Other | |
H2 | Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue | |
H20 | General | |
H21 | Efficiency • Optimal Taxation | |
H22 | Incidence | |
H23 | Externalities • Redistributive Effects • Environmental Taxes and Subsidies | |
H24 | Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies | |
H25 | Business Taxes and Subsidies | |
H26 | Tax Evasion and Avoidance | |
H27 | Other Sources of Revenue | |
H29 | Other | |
H3 | Fiscal Policies and Behavior of Economic Agents | |
H30 | General | |
H31 | Household | |
H32 | Firm | |
H39 | Other | |
H4 | Publicly Provided Goods | |
H40 | General | |
H41 | Public Goods | |
H42 | Publicly Provided Private Goods | |
H43 | Project Evaluation • Social Discount Rate | |
H44 | Publicly Provided Goods: Mixed Markets | |
H49 | Other | |
H5 | National Government Expenditures and Related Policies | |
H50 | General | |
H51 | Government Expenditures and Health | |
H52 | Government Expenditures and Education | |
H53 | Government Expenditures and Welfare Programs | |
H54 | Infrastructures • Other Public Investment and Capital Stock | |
H55 | Social Security and Public Pensions | |
H56 | National Security and War | |
H57 | Procurement | |
H59 | Other | |
H6 | National Budget, Deficit, and Debt | |
H60 | General | |
H61 | Budget • Budget Systems | |
H62 | Deficit • Surplus | |
H63 | Debt • Debt Management • Sovereign Debt | |
H68 | Forecasts of Budgets, Deficits, and Debt | |
H69 | Other | |
H7 | State and Local Government • Intergovernmental Relations | |
H70 | General | |
H71 | State and Local Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue | |
H72 | State and Local Budget and Expenditures | |
H73 | Interjurisdictional Differentials and Their Effects | |
H74 | State and Local Borrowing | |
H75 | State and Local Government: Health • Education • Welfare • Public Pensions | |
H76 | State and Local Government: Other Expenditure Categories | |
H77 | Intergovernmental Relations • Federalism • Secession | |
H79 | Other | |
H8 | Miscellaneous Issues | |
H80 | General | |
H81 | Governmental Loans • Loan Guarantees • Credits • Grants • Bailouts | |
H82 | Governmental Property | |
H83 | Public Administration • Public Sector Accounting and Audits | |
H84 | Disaster Aid | |
H87 | International Fiscal Issues • International Public Goods | |
H89 | Other |
I00 | General | |
I1 | Health | |
I10 | General | |
I11 | Analysis of Health Care Markets | |
I12 | Health Behavior | |
I13 | Health Insurance, Public and Private | |
I14 | Health and Inequality | |
I15 | Health and Economic Development | |
I18 | Government Policy • Regulation • Public Health | |
I19 | Other | |
I2 | Education and Research Institutions | |
I20 | General | |
I21 | Analysis of Education | |
I22 | Educational Finance • Financial Aid | |
I23 | Higher Education • Research Institutions | |
I24 | Education and Inequality | |
I25 | Education and Economic Development | |
I26 | Returns to Education | |
I28 | Government Policy | |
I29 | Other | |
I3 | Welfare, Well-Being, and Poverty | |
I30 | General | |
I31 | General Welfare, Well-Being | |
I32 | Measurement and Analysis of Poverty | |
I38 | Government Policy • Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs | |
I39 | Other |
J00 | General | |
J01 | Labor Economics: General | |
J08 | Labor Economics Policies | |
J1 | Demographic Economics | |
J10 | General | |
J11 | Demographic Trends, Macroeconomic Effects, and Forecasts | |
J12 | Marriage • Marital Dissolution • Family Structure • Domestic Abuse | |
J13 | Fertility • Family Planning • Child Care • Children • Youth | |
J14 | Economics of the Elderly • Economics of the Handicapped • Non-Labor Market Discrimination | |
J15 | Economics of Minorities, Races, Indigenous Peoples, and Immigrants • Non-labor Discrimination | |
J16 | Economics of Gender • Non-labor Discrimination | |
J17 | Value of Life • Forgone Income | |
J18 | Public Policy | |
J19 | Other | |
J2 | Demand and Supply of Labor | |
J20 | General | |
J21 | Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure | |
J22 | Time Allocation and Labor Supply | |
J23 | Labor Demand | |
J24 | Human Capital • Skills • Occupational Choice • Labor Productivity | |
J26 | Retirement • Retirement Policies | |
J28 | Safety • Job Satisfaction • Related Public Policy | |
J29 | Other | |
J3 | Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs | |
J30 | General | |
J31 | Wage Level and Structure • Wage Differentials | |
J32 | Nonwage Labor Costs and Benefits • Retirement Plans • Private Pensions | |
J33 | Compensation Packages • Payment Methods | |
J38 | Public Policy | |
J39 | Other | |
J4 | Particular Labor Markets | |
J40 | General | |
J41 | Labor Contracts | |
J42 | Monopsony • Segmented Labor Markets | |
J43 | Agricultural Labor Markets | |
J44 | Professional Labor Markets • Occupational Licensing | |
J45 | Public Sector Labor Markets | |
J46 | Informal Labor Markets | |
J47 | Coercive Labor Markets | |
J48 | Public Policy | |
J49 | Other | |
J5 | Labor–Management Relations, Trade Unions, and Collective Bargaining | |
J50 | General | |
J51 | Trade Unions: Objectives, Structure, and Effects | |
J52 | Dispute Resolution: Strikes, Arbitration, and Mediation • Collective Bargaining | |
J53 | Labor–Management Relations • Industrial Jurisprudence | |
J54 | Producer Cooperatives • Labor Managed Firms • Employee Ownership | |
J58 | Public Policy | |
J59 | Other | |
J6 | Mobility, Unemployment, Vacancies, and Immigrant Workers | |
J60 | General | |
J61 | Geographic Labor Mobility • Immigrant Workers | |
J62 | Job, Occupational, and Intergenerational Mobility | |
J63 | Turnover • Vacancies • Layoffs | |
J64 | Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job Search | |
J65 | Unemployment Insurance • Severance Pay • Plant Closings | |
J68 | Public Policy | |
J69 | Other | |
J7 | Labor Discrimination | |
J70 | General | |
J71 | Discrimination | |
J78 | Public Policy | |
J79 | Other | |
J8 | Labor Standards: National and International | |
J80 | General | |
J81 | Working Conditions | |
J82 | Labor Force Composition | |
J83 | Workers' Rights | |
J88 | Public Policy | |
J89 | Other |
K00 | General | |
K1 | Basic Areas of Law | |
K10 | General | |
K11 | Property Law | |
K12 | Contract Law | |
K13 | Tort Law and Product Liability • Forensic Economics | |
K14 | Criminal Law | |
K15 | Civil Law • Common Law | |
K16 | Election Law | |
K19 | Other | |
K2 | Regulation and Business Law | |
K20 | General | |
K21 | Antitrust Law | |
K22 | Business and Securities Law | |
K23 | Regulated Industries and Administrative Law | |
K24 | Cyber Law | |
K25 | Real Estate Law | |
K29 | Other | |
K3 | Other Substantive Areas of Law | |
K30 | General | |
K31 | Labor Law | |
K32 | Energy, Environmental, Health, and Safety Law | |
K33 | International Law | |
K34 | Tax Law | |
K35 | Personal Bankruptcy Law | |
K36 | Family and Personal Law | |
K37 | Immigration Law | |
K38 | Human Rights Law • Gender Law | |
K39 | Other | |
K4 | Legal Procedure, the Legal System, and Illegal Behavior | |
K40 | General | |
K41 | Litigation Process | |
K42 | Illegal Behavior and the Enforcement of Law | |
K49 | Other |
L00 | General | |
L1 | Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market Performance | |
L10 | General | |
L11 | Production, Pricing, and Market Structure • Size Distribution of Firms | |
L12 | Monopoly • Monopolization Strategies | |
L13 | Oligopoly and Other Imperfect Markets | |
L14 | Transactional Relationships • Contracts and Reputation • Networks | |
L15 | Information and Product Quality • Standardization and Compatibility | |
L16 | Industrial Organization and Macroeconomics: Industrial Structure and Structural Change • Industrial Price Indices | |
L17 | Open Source Products and Markets | |
L19 | Other | |
L2 | Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior | |
L20 | General | |
L21 | Business Objectives of the Firm | |
L22 | Firm Organization and Market Structure | |
L23 | Organization of Production | |
L24 | Contracting Out • Joint Ventures • Technology Licensing | |
L25 | Firm Performance: Size, Diversification, and Scope | |
L26 | Entrepreneurship | |
L29 | Other | |
L3 | Nonprofit Organizations and Public Enterprise | |
L30 | General | |
L31 | Nonprofit Institutions • NGOs • Social Entrepreneurship | |
L32 | Public Enterprises • Public-Private Enterprises | |
L33 | Comparison of Public and Private Enterprises and Nonprofit Institutions • Privatization • Contracting Out | |
L38 | Public Policy | |
L39 | Other | |
L4 | Antitrust Issues and Policies | |
L40 | General | |
L41 | Monopolization • Horizontal Anticompetitive Practices | |
L42 | Vertical Restraints • Resale Price Maintenance • Quantity Discounts | |
L43 | Legal Monopolies and Regulation or Deregulation | |
L44 | Antitrust Policy and Public Enterprises, Nonprofit Institutions, and Professional Organizations | |
L49 | Other | |
L5 | Regulation and Industrial Policy | |
L50 | General | |
L51 | Economics of Regulation | |
L52 | Industrial Policy • Sectoral Planning Methods | |
L53 | Enterprise Policy | |
L59 | Other | |
L6 | Industry Studies: Manufacturing | |
L60 | General | |
L61 | Metals and Metal Products • Cement • Glass • Ceramics | |
L62 | Automobiles • Other Transportation Equipment • Related Parts and Equipment | |
L63 | Microelectronics • Computers • Communications Equipment | |
L64 | Other Machinery • Business Equipment • Armaments | |
L65 | Chemicals • Rubber • Drugs • Biotechnology • Plastics | |
L66 | Food • Beverages • Cosmetics • Tobacco • Wine and Spirits | |
L67 | Other Consumer Nondurables: Clothing, Textiles, Shoes, and Leather Goods; Household Goods; Sports Equipment | |
L68 | Appliances • Furniture • Other Consumer Durables | |
L69 | Other | |
L7 | Industry Studies: Primary Products and Construction | |
L70 | General | |
L71 | Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Hydrocarbon Fuels | |
L72 | Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Other Nonrenewable Resources | |
L73 | Forest Products | |
L74 | Construction | |
L78 | Government Policy | |
L79 | Other | |
L8 | Industry Studies: Services | |
L80 | General | |
L81 | Retail and Wholesale Trade • e-Commerce | |
L82 | Entertainment • Media | |
L83 | Sports • Gambling • Restaurants • Recreation • Tourism | |
L84 | Personal, Professional, and Business Services | |
L85 | Real Estate Services | |
L86 | Information and Internet Services • Computer Software | |
L87 | Postal and Delivery Services | |
L88 | Government Policy | |
L89 | Other | |
L9 | Industry Studies: Transportation and Utilities | |
L90 | General | |
L91 | Transportation: General | |
L92 | Railroads and Other Surface Transportation | |
L93 | Air Transportation | |
L94 | Electric Utilities | |
L95 | Gas Utilities • Pipelines • Water Utilities | |
L96 | Telecommunications | |
L97 | Utilities: General | |
L98 | Government Policy | |
L99 | Other |
M00 | General | |
M1 | Business Administration | |
M10 | General | |
M11 | Production Management | |
M12 | Personnel Management • Executives; Executive Compensation | |
M13 | New Firms • Startups | |
M14 | Corporate Culture • Diversity • Social Responsibility | |
M15 | IT Management | |
M16 | International Business Administration | |
M19 | Other | |
M2 | Business Economics | |
M20 | General | |
M21 | Business Economics | |
M29 | Other | |
M3 | Marketing and Advertising | |
M30 | General | |
M31 | Marketing | |
M37 | Advertising | |
M38 | Government Policy and Regulation | |
M39 | Other | |
M4 | Accounting and Auditing | |
M40 | General | |
M41 | Accounting | |
M42 | Auditing | |
M48 | Government Policy and Regulation | |
M49 | Other | |
M5 | Personnel Economics | |
M50 | General | |
M51 | Firm Employment Decisions • Promotions | |
M52 | Compensation and Compensation Methods and Their Effects | |
M53 | Training | |
M54 | Labor Management | |
M55 | Labor Contracting Devices | |
M59 | Other |
N00 | General | |
N01 | Development of the Discipline: Historiographical; Sources and Methods | |
N1 | Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics • Industrial Structure • Growth • Fluctuations | |
N10 | General, International, or Comparative | |
N11 | U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913 | |
N12 | U.S. • Canada: 1913– | |
N13 | Europe: Pre-1913 | |
N14 | Europe: 1913– | |
N15 | Asia including Middle East | |
N16 | Latin America • Caribbean | |
N17 | Africa • Oceania | |
N2 | Financial Markets and Institutions | |
N20 | General, International, or Comparative | |
N21 | U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913 | |
N22 | U.S. • Canada: 1913– | |
N23 | Europe: Pre-1913 | |
N24 | Europe: 1913– | |
N25 | Asia including Middle East | |
N26 | Latin America • Caribbean | |
N27 | Africa • Oceania | |
N3 | Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Health, Welfare, Income, Wealth, Religion, and Philanthropy | |
N30 | General, International, or Comparative | |
N31 | U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913 | |
N32 | U.S. • Canada: 1913- | |
N33 | Europe: Pre-1913 | |
N34 | Europe: 1913- | |
N35 | Asia including Middle East | |
N36 | Latin America • Caribbean | |
N37 | Africa • Oceania | |
N4 | Government, War, Law, International Relations, and Regulation | |
N40 | General, International, or Comparative | |
N41 | U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913 | |
N42 | U.S. • Canada: 1913– | |
N43 | Europe: Pre-1913 | |
N44 | Europe: 1913– | |
N45 | Asia including Middle East | |
N46 | Latin America • Caribbean | |
N47 | Africa • Oceania | |
N5 | Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment, and Extractive Industries | |
N50 | General, International, or Comparative | |
N51 | U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913 | |
N52 | U.S. • Canada: 1913– | |
N53 | Europe: Pre-1913 | |
N54 | Europe: 1913– | |
N55 | Asia including Middle East | |
N56 | Latin America • Caribbean | |
N57 | Africa • Oceania | |
N6 | Manufacturing and Construction | |
N60 | General, International, or Comparative | |
N61 | U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913 | |
N62 | U.S. • Canada: 1913– | |
N63 | Europe: Pre-1913 | |
N64 | Europe: 1913– | |
N65 | Asia including Middle East | |
N66 | Latin America • Caribbean | |
N67 | Africa • Oceania | |
N7 | Transport, Trade, Energy, Technology, and Other Services | |
N70 | General, International, or Comparative | |
N71 | U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913 | |
N72 | U.S. • Canada: 1913– | |
N73 | Europe: Pre-1913 | |
N74 | Europe: 1913– | |
N75 | Asia including Middle East | |
N76 | Latin America • Caribbean | |
N77 | Africa • Oceania | |
N8 | Micro-Business History | |
N80 | General, International, or Comparative | |
N81 | U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913 | |
N82 | U.S. • Canada: 1913– | |
N83 | Europe: Pre-1913 | |
N84 | Europe: 1913– | |
N85 | Asia including Middle East | |
N86 | Latin America • Caribbean | |
N87 | Africa • Oceania | |
N9 | Regional and Urban History | |
N90 | General, International, or Comparative | |
N91 | U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913 | |
N92 | U.S. • Canada: 1913– | |
N93 | Europe: Pre-1913 | |
N94 | Europe: 1913– | |
N95 | Asia including Middle East | |
N96 | Latin America • Caribbean | |
N97 | Africa • Oceania |
O1 | Economic Development | |
O10 | General | |
O11 | Macroeconomic Analyses of Economic Development | |
O12 | Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development | |
O13 | Agriculture • Natural Resources • Energy • Environment • Other Primary Products | |
O14 | Industrialization • Manufacturing and Service Industries • Choice of Technology | |
O15 | Human Resources • Human Development • Income Distribution • Migration | |
O16 | Financial Markets • Saving and Capital Investment • Corporate Finance and Governance | |
O17 | Formal and Informal Sectors • Shadow Economy • Institutional Arrangements | |
O18 | Urban, Rural, Regional, and Transportation Analysis • Housing • Infrastructure | |
O19 | International Linkages to Development • Role of International Organizations | |
O2 | Development Planning and Policy | |
O20 | General | |
O21 | Planning Models • Planning Policy | |
O22 | Project Analysis | |
O23 | Fiscal and Monetary Policy in Development | |
O24 | Trade Policy • Factor Movement Policy • Foreign Exchange Policy | |
O25 | Industrial Policy | |
O29 | Other | |
O3 | Innovation • Research and Development • Technological Change • Intellectual Property Rights | |
O30 | General | |
O31 | Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives | |
O32 | Management of Technological Innovation and R&D | |
O33 | Technological Change: Choices and Consequences • Diffusion Processes | |
O34 | Intellectual Property and Intellectual Capital | |
O35 | Social Innovation | |
O36 | Open Innovation | |
O38 | Government Policy | |
O39 | Other | |
O4 | Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity | |
O40 | General | |
O41 | One, Two, and Multisector Growth Models | |
O42 | Monetary Growth Models | |
O43 | Institutions and Growth | |
O44 | Environment and Growth | |
O47 | Empirical Studies of Economic Growth • Aggregate Productivity • Cross-Country Output Convergence | |
O49 | Other | |
O5 | Economywide Country Studies | |
O50 | General | |
O51 | U.S. • Canada | |
O52 | Europe | |
O53 | Asia including Middle East | |
O54 | Latin America • Caribbean | |
O55 | Africa | |
O56 | Oceania | |
O57 | Comparative Studies of Countries |
P00 | General | |
P1 | Capitalist Systems | |
P10 | General | |
P11 | Planning, Coordination, and Reform | |
P12 | Capitalist Enterprises | |
P13 | Cooperative Enterprises | |
P14 | Property Rights | |
P16 | Political Economy | |
P17 | Performance and Prospects | |
P18 | Energy • Environment | |
P19 | Other | |
P2 | Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies | |
P20 | General | |
P21 | Planning, Coordination, and Reform | |
P22 | Prices | |
P23 | Factor and Product Markets • Industry Studies • Population | |
P24 | National Income, Product, and Expenditure • Money • Inflation | |
P25 | Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics | |
P26 | Political Economy • Property Rights | |
P27 | Performance and Prospects | |
P28 | Natural Resources • Energy • Environment | |
P29 | Other | |
P3 | Socialist Institutions and Their Transitions | |
P30 | General | |
P31 | Socialist Enterprises and Their Transitions | |
P32 | Collectives • Communes • Agriculture | |
P33 | International Trade, Finance, Investment, Relations, and Aid | |
P34 | Financial Economics | |
P35 | Public Economics | |
P36 | Consumer Economics • Health • Education and Training • Welfare, Income, Wealth, and Poverty | |
P37 | Legal Institutions • Illegal Behavior | |
P39 | Other | |
P4 | Other Economic Systems | |
P40 | General | |
P41 | Planning, Coordination, and Reform | |
P42 | Productive Enterprises • Factor and Product Markets • Prices • Population | |
P43 | Public Economics • Financial Economics | |
P44 | National Income, Product, and Expenditure • Money • Inflation | |
P45 | International Trade, Finance, Investment, and Aid | |
P46 | Consumer Economics • Health • Education and Training • Welfare, Income, Wealth, and Poverty | |
P47 | Performance and Prospects | |
P48 | Political Economy • Legal Institutions • Property Rights • Natural Resources • Energy • Environment • Regional Studies | |
P49 | Other | |
P5 | Comparative Economic Systems | |
P50 | General | |
P51 | Comparative Analysis of Economic Systems | |
P52 | Comparative Studies of Particular Economies | |
P59 | Other |
Q00 | General | |
Q01 | Sustainable Development | |
Q02 | Commodity Markets | |
Q1 | Agriculture | |
Q10 | General | |
Q11 | Aggregate Supply and Demand Analysis • Prices | |
Q12 | Micro Analysis of Farm Firms, Farm Households, and Farm Input Markets | |
Q13 | Agricultural Markets and Marketing • Cooperatives • Agribusiness | |
Q14 | Agricultural Finance | |
Q15 | Land Ownership and Tenure • Land Reform • Land Use • Irrigation • Agriculture and Environment | |
Q16 | R&D • Agricultural Technology • Biofuels • Agricultural Extension Services | |
Q17 | Agriculture in International Trade | |
Q18 | Agricultural Policy • Food Policy | |
Q19 | Other | |
Q2 | Renewable Resources and Conservation | |
Q20 | General | |
Q21 | Demand and Supply • Prices | |
Q22 | Fishery • Aquaculture | |
Q23 | Forestry | |
Q24 | Land | |
Q25 | Water | |
Q26 | Recreational Aspects of Natural Resources | |
Q27 | Issues in International Trade | |
Q28 | Government Policy | |
Q29 | Other | |
Q3 | Nonrenewable Resources and Conservation | |
Q30 | General | |
Q31 | Demand and Supply • Prices | |
Q32 | Exhaustible Resources and Economic Development | |
Q33 | Resource Booms | |
Q34 | Natural Resources and Domestic and International Conflicts | |
Q35 | Hydrocarbon Resources | |
Q37 | Issues in International Trade | |
Q38 | Government Policy | |
Q39 | Other | |
Q4 | Energy | |
Q40 | General | |
Q41 | Demand and Supply • Prices | |
Q42 | Alternative Energy Sources | |
Q43 | Energy and the Macroeconomy | |
Q47 | Energy Forecasting | |
Q48 | Government Policy | |
Q49 | Other | |
Q5 | Environmental Economics | |
Q50 | General | |
Q51 | Valuation of Environmental Effects | |
Q52 | Pollution Control Adoption and Costs • Distributional Effects • Employment Effects | |
Q53 | Air Pollution • Water Pollution • Noise • Hazardous Waste • Solid Waste • Recycling | |
Q54 | Climate • Natural Disasters and Their Management • Global Warming | |
Q55 | Technological Innovation | |
Q56 | Environment and Development • Environment and Trade • Sustainability • Environmental Accounts and Accounting • Environmental Equity • Population Growth | |
Q57 | Ecological Economics: Ecosystem Services • Biodiversity Conservation • Bioeconomics • Industrial Ecology | |
Q58 | Government Policy | |
Q59 | Other |
R00 | General | |
R1 | General Regional Economics | |
R10 | General | |
R11 | Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, Environmental Issues, and Changes | |
R12 | Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity | |
R13 | General Equilibrium and Welfare Economic Analysis of Regional Economies | |
R14 | Land Use Patterns | |
R15 | Econometric and Input–Output Models • Other Models | |
R19 | Other | |
R2 | Household Analysis | |
R20 | General | |
R21 | Housing Demand | |
R22 | Other Demand | |
R23 | Regional Migration • Regional Labor Markets • Population • Neighborhood Characteristics | |
R28 | Government Policy | |
R29 | Other | |
R3 | Real Estate Markets, Spatial Production Analysis, and Firm Location | |
R30 | General | |
R31 | Housing Supply and Markets | |
R32 | Other Spatial Production and Pricing Analysis | |
R33 | Nonagricultural and Nonresidential Real Estate Markets | |
R38 | Government Policy | |
R39 | Other | |
R4 | Transportation Economics | |
R40 | General | |
R41 | Transportation: Demand, Supply, and Congestion • Travel Time • Safety and Accidents • Transportation Noise | |
R42 | Government and Private Investment Analysis • Road Maintenance • Transportation Planning | |
R48 | Government Pricing and Policy | |
R49 | Other | |
R5 | Regional Government Analysis | |
R50 | General | |
R51 | Finance in Urban and Rural Economies | |
R52 | Land Use and Other Regulations | |
R53 | Public Facility Location Analysis • Public Investment and Capital Stock | |
R58 | Regional Development Planning and Policy | |
R59 | Other |
Y1 | Data: Tables and Charts | |
Y10 | Data: Tables and Charts | |
Y2 | Introductory Material | |
Y20 | Introductory Material | |
Y3 | Book Reviews (unclassified) | |
Y30 | Book Reviews (unclassified) | |
Y4 | Dissertations (unclassified) | |
Y40 | Dissertations (unclassified) | |
Y5 | Further Reading (unclassified) | |
Y50 | Further Reading (unclassified) | |
Y6 | Excerpts | |
Y60 | Excerpts | |
Y7 | No Author General Discussions | |
Y70 | No Author General Discussions | |
Y8 | Related Disciplines | |
Y80 | Related Disciplines | |
Y9 | Other | |
Y90 | Other | |
Y91 | Pictures and Maps | |
Y92 | Novels, Self-Help Books, etc. |
Z00 | General | |
Z1 | Cultural Economics • Economic Sociology • Economic Anthropology | |
Z10 | General | |
Z11 | Economics of the Arts and Literature | |
Z12 | Religion | |
Z13 | Economic Sociology • Economic Anthropology • Language • Social and Economic Stratification | |
Z18 | Public Policy | |
Z19 | Other | |
Z2 | Sports Economics | |
Z20 | General | |
Z21 | Industry Studies | |
Z22 | Labor Issues | |
Z23 | Finance | |
Z28 | Policy | |
Z29 | Other | |
Z3 | Tourism Economics | |
Z30 | General | |
Z31 | Industry Studies | |
Z32 | Tourism and Development | |
Z33 | Marketing and Finance | |
Z38 | Policy | |
Z39 | Other |
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